---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-01.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-01.txt(291): Palang (who speak a language close to Wa) are Hinayana Buddhists of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-01.txt(676): decision reinforced by the discovery that the Wa people near the Burma Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-02.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-02.txt(506): was the Huai Lang Man Wa [Hau:j-da:ng Ba:n Au:t in Lue], also known as C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-02.txt(529): ministers, the Huai Lang Man Wa, Huai Lang Man Hong and Huai Lang Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(282): Wa, a head-hunting people of northern Burma and southwestern China." C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(286): mountainous range inhabited by the "Wild Wa", a former head-hunting C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(290): authorities and the Wa-Palaung cadres, or my own efforts and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(294): several villages of both Palaung san of Meng Hai and A-Wa San of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(303): province with the most minorities in China; these include the Wa, the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(312): the Dai Nueu, and the Wa. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(314): Together with my companion, Ay Ga - the Wa driver from Xi-meng C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(316): drove along the Lanchang River (Mekhong) Highway through the A-Wa San C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(317): area where about 260,000 Wa lived. A steep and rugged area sandwiched C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(320): ancient Wa homeland. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(324): of the Wa (Table 1). Ankhang Xiang is the particular township which I C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(326): population of 11,604, the Wa are the largest group (Table 2). Among 5 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(328): groups, the Wa, the Lahu and the Han; while four other villages, i.e. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(329): Ankhang,Sanjai, Nawpo and Siao Panpa, are inhabited mostly by the Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(334): On my first day in Ankhang, while the Wa women and children C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(336): seen in their life, one middle-aged woman in her customary black Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(343): unnecessary to me as I grasped the meaning of that Wa expression C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(348): The material for study was rich indeed, the Wa here, no matter C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(353): spirit as phii khao; and the title of the Wa shamman was cao phii. In C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(358): The Wa divided themselves into two categories in Chinese: the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(359): Siao Wa and the Ta Wa. The Siao Wa in Lanchang believed themselves to C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(360): be the civilized Wa and usually called the Ta Wa "Lua", who, in their C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(361): eyes, were uncivilized, i.e., the Wa of Xi-meng in the central area of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(362): A-Wa San. To my astonishment, the Ta Wa usually called themselves C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(366): Chiengmai-Maehongsorn and the Wa of Yunnan shared similar patrilineal C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(367): and patrifocal aspects. However, Wa scholars interpreted the Sikangli, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(373): ancient Wa customs practised until 1958 among most of the Ta Wa and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(374): some of the Siao Wa. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(378): gentle Wa of Yunnan whose anscestors were head-hunters. I had found at C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(383): Table 1 : Wa Population in Lanchang (1988) C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(394): Wa 9,260 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(403): Village H'sehold Wa Pal. Han Lahu total C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(2739): Wa (Lawa) ... It seems that though most peasants ... accept socialist C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-03.txt(2744): Supreme Lord. The Wa, who are accepted as the experts of swidden Found 'Wa' 39 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(36): Oracle Chicken Bones of the Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(103): Karen on the one hand, and Lua and Wa groups on the other, show the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(463): Oracle Chicken Bones of the Wa People in Ximeng, Yunnan C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(467): On the eve of Liberation the Wa people living in the highlands C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(471): In 1956-57 the author participated in an investigation of Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(473): oracle chicken bones of the Wa people. Through the interpreter, Ai C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(474): Pai (a member of the Wa), the author conducted a detailed interview C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(475): with a 'Moba' (a ritual specialist) from the Wa people. The editing C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(481): this was almost a universal custom in the daily life of the Wa people. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(484): 'conjure the spirits' and read the signs of the chicken. The Wa do C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(512): life for the Wa people, most of them have some common knowledge C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(529): among the Wa people, all essentially follow the same procedure but C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(567): According to the customs of the Wa people the ritual specialist can C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(573): If the omens are particularly bad (the Wa people consider the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(585): among the Wa people in the highlands of the Ximeng region. Methods of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(591): divination according to a ritual specialist from the Wa people of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(655): Thus, because the Wa people mainly raise chickens for C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(658): seen that in Wa society the ritual specialist enjoys many benefits. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(666): positions of Wa society in Ximeng, and from what we know of the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(669): positions of responsibility in Wa society: Wolang, Moba (ritual C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(682): conjured up the spirits for the Wa people. He was not a political C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(708): chicken bones of the Wa people of Wanbunong in Ximeng. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(714): of the society of the Wa people of pre-Liberation Ximeng. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-04.txt(715): In sum, investigations of the oracle chicken bones of the Wa Found 'Wa' 24 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(381): such as the Wa or Bulang, who also chew betel and blacken the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(650): Wa sub-branch of Mon-Khmer branch. The languages of the Sino-Tibetan C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(769): Wa sub-branch C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(771): - Wa: 318,000 in Lincang and Simao Prefectures. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(772): Dialects: Burao, Awa, Awara and Wa regional. Had Latin alphabetic Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1243): Wa-sun-nuo [Wat Suan Dork] to be erected in his imperial garden at C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1246): Wa-su-nuo (Wat Suan Dork) afterwards became the font of Hinayana C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1268): where they established the temples Wa-fa-jiao and Wa-fa-gang, and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1276): temples to expand Buddhism in Jing-dong after the Wa had been C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1411): indigenous Wa during the mid-thirteenth century(55). If this C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1417): subjugation of the Wa nationality of Jing-dong by Mangrai in 1262; the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1605): that "Ha-gei-na" built "Wa-sun-nuo" in Chiang-mai and appointed C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-05.txt(1733): smaller numbers of Wa, Yi, Hui, Jing-po, Ku-cong and Ke-mu, of which Found 'Wa' 15 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(37): Wa longhouses 22 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(41): Wa brewing and betel nut C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1707): Wa. According to tradition, the Wo-lang were the earliest officials C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1708): of the Wa and were charged with responsibility for the drum room, the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1710): of Wa history and traditions. The position of Wo-lang is hereditary C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1759): Da-ma-san Wa, can only be worshiped in the long-house of the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1771): Zhai were originally a single unit]. The term in Wa is Beng-cai and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1772): the Yue-song Wa refer to the Mo-ba as Ben-chai. The Mo-ba spend most C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1787): First day of the Na Month (31st January, 1957 in the Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1790): Wa calendar. The following month of Na is the only period in which C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1931): Wa-zu She-hui Li-shi Diao-cha [Investigations of Wa Society and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1943): The Wa of Da-ma-san55 consider that 'without wine there is no C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1953): The Da-ma-san Wa say they learnt the art of distilling spirits C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1970): The Wa pick the teak tree [ma-li ] leaves in the mountains C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(1997): Fig. 1: A Wa Still C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(2005): Wa-zu She-hui Li-shi Diao-cha [Investigations of Wa Society and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-06.txt(2372): areca palm were not an ingredient in the recipe. Perhaps the Wa refer Found 'Wa' 19 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(80): Wa pottery 20 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(81): Wa script 21 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(82): Wa bibliography 23 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1232): According to old people in Yue-song, when the Wa first arrived C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1240): tea-tree was used to produce a household tea and, as the Wa had no C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1244): The Wa of Yue-song say that their relations with the Dai were C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1245): good, but the two groups did not inter-marry. Soon after the Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1248): over by the Wa. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1249): By traditional accounts, the Wa of Yue-song exchanged red deer C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1251): At this time the Wa were accustomed to ride horses and the Dai, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1252): red-deer. The Dai later exchanged their red deer for the Wa horses, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1253): and this explains why the Wa no longer have horses. The deer which the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1254): Wa received in exchange, soon escaped. Originally, the Wa grew paddy C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1256): their hill tracts with the Wa and eventually they controlled all the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1257): paddy land. The Wa use iron, but they probably learnt this from the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1258): Dai. It is evident that relations between the Dai and the Wa are C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1263): fought fierce battles with the Wa villages such as Yu-xi, but old C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1266): titles of the Wa chiefs and gave some clothes and other items to the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1272): The La-hu had a great influence on the Wa and many villagers C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1273): in Mang-xing, Yue-song and Ban-shuai can speak La-hu. The Wa adopted C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1275): knife, heo and plough. By Wa accounts, their relations with the Han C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1279): From "Xi-meng Xian Yue-song Wa-zu She-hui Jing-ji Diao-cha" C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1280): (Socio-economic Survey of the Yue-song Wa Minority of Xi-meng County) C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1281): Wa-zu She-hui Li-shi Diao-cha [Investigations of Wa Society and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1458): Wa today still refer to as a sacred site and where religious C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1459): ceremonies are held. The popular Wa myth "Si-gang-lih" explains that C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1460): the Wa lived at this cave site from early times. From the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1461): "Si-gang-lih" it is possible to understand the Wa life-style at this C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1490): This folk-song explains that the Wa have a long history as a hunting C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1493): From iXi-meng Wa-zu Zi-zhi-xian Gai-kuang e (Conditions in the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1494): Xi-meng Wa Autonomous County) Editorial board, 1986 pp. 10-11. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1504): pottery production among the Wa of Yunnan to questions surrounding C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1511): present the Wa of Ke-lai [in Xi-meng Autonomous County near the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1521): [blue-lined] pottery can be discerned from Wa pottery production. At C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1522): present, Wa blue-lined pottery is marked using a wooden paddle which C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1527): these Wa pots are placed along-side those of the Yang-shao culture, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1529): design on the outside of the Wa pots is not merely for decoration or C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1540): the surface or used a sharp stone to mark incisions, just as the Wa do C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1542): As well as hand-moulding pots, we have discovered that the Wa also C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1544): Neolithic Yang-shao culture. Most pottery produced by the Wa consists C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1546): method is only employed for producing larger pieces. The Wa first make C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1553): sharply-pointed bases. How can this be explained? Wa pottery C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1554): production offers some clues. Most Wa pots have rounded bases and this C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1570): `pot coat'. The Wa do not use this clay coating method. Instead they C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1576): achieved. At present, the Ke-lai Wa of Xi-meng lack kilns for firing C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1588): the vessel and prevent leakage. The Wa do not posess any other form of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1599): well-advanced. The Wa do not use kilns but fire their pots in the open C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1603): moisture content of the wood used for fuel. The flecks on Wa pottery C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1615): The absence of a generally acceptable Wa script has severely C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1616): hampered Wa political, economic, cultural and educational development. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1617): The Wa are distributed across Cang-yuan, Shuang-jiang, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1621): aslo some Wa in Meng-hai County. The major settlements are located in C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1622): the A-Wa mountains which span the Xi-meng Wa Autonomous Region, the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1625): The Wa language is classified in the Wa-De-ang branch of the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1632): The Wa language is split into three comparatively large C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1635): Lan-cang as "A-Wa" and the dialect spoken in Ban-nuo and Zhen-kang as C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1636): Wa. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1637): For a long period in their history, the Wa lacked a written C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1642): in the A-Wa mountains and devised a La-hu script using the latin C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1647): among the Wa because the number of translated words was limited and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1649): were sent among the Wa people to work with them in devising a suitable C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1650): Wa script based on the latin alphabet, and the result has proved C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1655): readers using the new Wa script as a first step in training local C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1659): recommenced specialised Wa classes and a number of local government C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1661): in Lan-cang County in the "Bu-rao" dialect region Wa has been taught C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1663): classes as part of a literacy campaign. Specialist Wa teachers have C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1664): been trained and materials translated into the Wa script and there are C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1665): now 50 to 60 teachers proficient in the Wa script in this County. Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1666): is taught in all primary schools located in predominantly Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1667): settlements and these classes have been welcomed by the Wa... The C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1668): literacy rate has improved greatly where the Wa script has been used C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1683): the Wa script]...In 1981, average grain consumption per person C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1690): Neglect of the Wa script during the last thirty years has C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1691): placed a serious brake on Wa economic development. The "Bu-rao" C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1698): evident in the "A-Wa" dialect region. Here industry and productive C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1706): educational attainment in the three Wa dialect regions in 1985 and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1708): deplorable findings reflect neglect of the Wa script and its C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1711): numbers of illiterate. In 1964, the Wa numbered 200,277 persons and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1713): years. By 1987, there were over 300,000 Wa.To address this problem of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1715): family planning and universal education using the Wa script so that C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1719): promotion of the Wa script and economy but these have received C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1721): Chinese is not even spoken have abandoned promotion of the Wa script C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1727): has not approached that attained through the use of the Wa script. In C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1730): 27 per cent for those using the Wa script. In 1983 the results were C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1731): one per cent for those using Chinese characters and 26 per cent for Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1733): cent for Wa script. The melding between use of Chinese charactes and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1734): the Wa script will be a matter of several centuries and cannot be C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1736): teaching only the Chinese writing system. We cannot wait until the Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1751): A select bibliography of articles on the Wa of Xi-shuang-ban-na in C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1835): 1957 The controversy over the nature of Wa society, Yunnan C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1845): the Xi-meng Wa, Hong-ci Jiao-shi (Red Teacher) January. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1847): 1958 The patriarchial slave system of the Xi-meng Wa, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1854): 1958 The state of pottery manufacture by the Wa of Yunnan, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1857): 1958 The Wa make a direct leap towareds socialism, Min-zu C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1866): 1961: "Wa funeral customs shed light on funeral C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1874): 1965: "Establishment of the Geng-ma Dai and Wa Autonomous C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1878): minorities (no. four) The Wa", Si- xiang Zhan-xian, No. 1 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1884): pre-revolutionary Wa society", Zhong- yang Min-zu Xue-yuan Xue-bao, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1887): 1979, "A brief introduction to Wa literature", Si-xiang C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1890): 1980, "The topography of the Xi-meng Wa area", Jing-ji C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1894): introduction to the dances of the Wa", Wu-dao, no. 2 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1896): 1980: "A new generation of the A-Wa", Yunnan Ri-bao, 25th C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1899): 1984: "The mountsain villages of the Wa minority are C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1905): 1984: "My views on using the Wa script to promote education C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1906): in Wa minority areas", Min-zu Gong-zuo, no. 12 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1908): 1984: "A brief introduction to Cang-yuan Wa Minority C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1911): 1984: "The origin of customary law among the Wa of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1915): communally consuming oxen among the Wa of Yue- song, Xi-meng C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1919): and industrial households of Mt. Wa in Xi-meng [County]", C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1923): Yunnanese and the Wa and Beng Minorities", Min-zu-xue yu C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-07.txt(1926): 1985: "Chicken-bone divination among the Wa of Xi-meng Found 'Wa' 116 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(49): Scott and Wa political institutions 3 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(142): Sir James George Scott and the Political Institutions of the Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(145): Officer, first crossed the centre of the Wa territory. At 'Msng Hka' C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(146): the Wa were declared by the Shan head-man to be stupid creatures who C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(155): Scott's data on the head-hunting Wa is interesting, particularly as it C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(156): is now almost impossible to do field research in Wa territory within C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(157): Burma because it has been a liberated zone of the Wa in rebellion C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(160): in Yunnan lends support to my argument on Wa state-formation, the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(165): cults within the Wa belief system commonly practised even in the early C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(169): It has to be admitted that there are things about the Wa that do not C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(172): What should be read between the lines of Scott's version of Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(174): there has been again some mystery about Wa history, a political C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(175): mystery. Fortunately, in his official ethnography of the Wa, Scott C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(177): a) Scott suggests that the Wa, despite their 'wild tribal C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(179): The Wa, as has been explained, really form a series of village C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(185): his so-called Wa 'federation' occupied a larger area, covered the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(195): work that Scott began to collect material about the Wa. His mission at C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(201): himself a Wa but ruled over Shans (Mitton 1936: 179). According to C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(207): bribed Wa chiefs to aid and abet him; moreover, he was supposed to be C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(229): chief was 'the leader of the innermost circle of the Wild Wa' (Mitton C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(234): in Wa...There was at the end a great chanting of ritual by the elders, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(239): After the meeting of over 1,000 Wa, Scott continued on his trip in C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(240): order to meet the 'celebrated' Sung Ramang, the highest Wa chief. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(242): tributary of Sung Ramang, this Buddhist community sent the powerful Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(248): through the country of the Wild Wa until they arrived a huge big place C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(253): several Wa villages in the innermost parts of the Wa country, where C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(255): encounter with the Wa was a failure. No submission was made, except C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(257): Sang, and the six-year-old Wa boy of the ruling house. The highest Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(260): These incidents give us at least a rough picture of Wa societies and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(263): 'federation', seemed to be the most prominent feature of Wa social C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(264): formation, in which many Wa villages were combined. Manglun seemed to C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(266): this region, the Wa were not always the ones subjugated by Shans or C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(267): Burmese. In fact, in Manglun, Wa authority ruled over the Shan C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(269): Buddhist community was a tributary of the Central Wa. Again, while the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(271): to the British, the Wa ignored and rebelled against British authority. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(273): On his second trip to the Wa country, Scott frequently met, in his C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(275): massing and arming of Wa chiefs, the swearing of blood-brotherhood, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(278): The Wa country was then between the paws of both China and Britain. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(279): When Ton Sang, the British puppet of Wa origin, met the British C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(290): Sawbwa for coercing the Wild Wa of the Gold Tracts (Mitton 1936: 228). C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(294): authority of the Wa of the Gold Tracts. Scott tried his best to C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(295): arrange the meeting with the Gold Tract Wa Chiefs. The local people C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(296): themselves classified this tract as the 'Wa Pet Ken' or the Eight C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(314): Scott's interpretation was the Wa people of Loi Lon looked on it as a C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(317): Yunnan to the Wa in occupying the areas. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(330): The Wa had never met such demands as that made by the British and were C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(342): Wa coalition against British authority had a real existence. His note C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(351): Scott had not given up his intention to meet the Wa Chiefs of Pet Ken; C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(354): asked by the Wa chiefs to attack and burn Lem villages; they claimed C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(361): the Wa 'state', only 17 had made submission to Naw Hseng (British C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(369): nerves and the Wa deserved punishment. Burning villages is C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(372): The frontier work during the year 1896-1897 through the Wa country C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(376): region, an uprising against foreign domination. This Wa insurgency C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(383): time, the task had to be done by cutting through the Wild Wa country. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(384): According to Scott's official report, there were three Wa states of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(389): spikes), and the Wa rolled large pieces of rock down the steep C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(401): killed by the Wild Wa at Mong Hka on their way back to the British C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(404): the heads of the two officers, in Scott's words: 'The Wa were punished C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(410): police had smashed the Wa villages which probably numbered two or C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(417): frontier which would imply going into the Wild Wa country, a Chinese C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(419): unwise to do so and requested not to stir the Wa if possible (Mitton C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(430): a little common sense of enterprise like the French, the Wa country C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(433): whole of the Wa country but we have the whole responsibility for its C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(434): behaviour--sooner or later we shall be called upon to keep our Wild Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(438): Lady Scott ended her compilation of Scott's ethnography of the Wa with C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(445): disappearance of Wa States. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(532): which, however, is identified today with the Wa living in northeastern C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(533): Burma. Although obviously related, Wa and Lawa are linguistically C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2069): two authorities were the local Chinese and the highest Wa authority. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2070): 2In the past, the Wa villages were very formidable places and quite C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2076): rebuild. The Wa always carried off their dead if there were any and C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2078): saw a dead Wa' (Mitton 1936: 241). C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2080): that goes in the building of the Wa house (Scott 1932: 305-6). C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2081): 4While the book on the Wa was in press in 1936, it was reported that C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-08.txt(2083): the Wild Wa, 'co-operating with Chinese bandits'; the Wa later Found 'Wa' 78 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-09.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-09.txt(630): small numbers of other groups such as Hmong, Yao, Hui and Wa together C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-09.txt(1379): Among the Jinuo, Wa and Tai nationalities, the first thing to do upon C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-09.txt(1400): surrounding. The Wa people, once they had a new house and fireplace Found 'Wa' 3 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(924): Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Xinping Yi C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1155): Recently, Wa, Shan and Keqing6 nationalities split with the Comminist C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1656): Pa-O, Palong, Lahu, Kokang13 and Wa for example. After War War II each C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1659): Marxism and among these groups were the Kokang and Wa. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1709): movements - the 'Red Wa' and the Kokang who were with the BCP, who C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1712): battle for Doi Lang which is still going on between the Red Wa and the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1842): production was in the Kokang area or in the Wa area, this would not be C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1843): accurate because the Wa and Kokang areas are very small. The area west C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1883): treaty of some kind with the Kokang and the Red Wa. In that report C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1887): Khun Sa: What the Kokang and Red Wa do are the consequences of the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1977): Kokang and Wa as their instruments. Since the dissolution of the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1981): states being Kokang and Wa; that is, they are proposing to divide our C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1994): Since the end of last month we are at war with the Red Wa. Everyone C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(1997): to return and assume a new role in Burma, the Kokang and the Wa would C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(2000): While we and the Wa are shooting each other, which side will the Thai C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(2002): aiding the Wa, aiding the communists, they have taken our base (at Doi C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(2003): Lang) and handed it to the Wa. Is that good or not? I say that the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(2011): Peoples Party led by Khun Cai Lek), the Kokang and Red Wa? C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(2014): engaged in a shooting war with the Red Wa, I do not consider them C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-10.txt(2026): Wa. We have helped them and they have now all escaped. Found 'Wa' 20 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-11.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-11.txt(120): concern to the DAB, not least because the Wa forces, formerly part of Found 'Wa' 1 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-12.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-12.txt(770): Shan, Palaungs, Hmong, Kachin, Wa and Lisu. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-12.txt(1662): Naga, Wa, Mon, Arakanese, Akha, Lahu, Lisu as well as ethnic Burman. Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-13.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-13.txt(884): Party left the Wa and the Kokang Chinese (see Jackie Yang Rettie C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-13.txt(896): aided the Wa, now clearly the largest heroin traffickers in the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-13.txt(899): It has been reported that the Wa and Kokang Chinese traffickers have C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-13.txt(901): the end of their insurrection. Even more significant Wa and Kokang C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-13.txt(1026): new-found allies, the Wa and the Kokang and, it seems, encourage the Found 'Wa' 5 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(251): 'When Khun Sa went to war with the Red Wa, who first incited the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(258): the fighting between the forces of Khun Sa and the Red Wa, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(291): the forces of the Red Wa - about which many would like to know what C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(296): Wa) is not known. It is the territory under Khun Sa's influence, very C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(310): has been corrected]. They are not fighting Khun Sa or the Red Wa at C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(313): stand aside and watch Khun Sa and the Red Wa fight among themselves C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(315): government. The territory of the Red Wa is in the north of Burma C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(318): territory and they have incited the Red Wa to attack Khun Sa. The Red C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(319): Wa themselves see Khun Sa's territory as extremely fertile and very C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(325): strategic territory of the Red Wa - thus killing two birds with one C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(459): 'In 2529-30 [1986-7] when Khun Sa split with the Red Wa, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(461): through Ban Hin Taek. The affair became public when the Wa sent a C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(468): The source explained that the illegal forces of the Wa in C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(471): Province. These forces [Wa] were formerly under the control of the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(472): Communist Party of Burma. When the CPB disintegrated the Wa forces C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(480): borders as well as supplying the Wa, who have at least 20,000 men C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1239): such as the Pa-o, Palaung, Wa and Lahu groups. Likewise, there can C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1395): member of the Wa-Palaung group within the Mon-Khmer language family.18 C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1397): languages Palaung and Wa.19 Today the Mon-Khmer languages are C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1410): number of cognate words in other languages, such as Wa, Parauk, Ava, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1412): (Mang U, Xa Mang, Xa Bao), and some other Wa-Palaung (Palaungic) C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1416): Khamu, Wa and Palaung languages, and the distinction of many Khamu C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-14.txt(1425): the Pa-laung and Wa and the subsequent migration, the Khamu settled Found 'Wa' 23 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-16.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-16.txt(149): side is contested territory by Wa and Khun Sa's Tai. There are unsubstantiated C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-16.txt(228): Thi Pa Wa Kyu, has fallen to the Burmese and some news suggests that the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-16.txt(1095): the Kammu and Wa ethnic groups in Yunnan. Dr Damrong Tayanin transcribed some of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-16.txt(1716): Pa'oh, Palaung, Arakan, Shan, Lahu, and Wa) and four Burmans from the All-Burma Found 'Wa' 4 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-17.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-17.txt(1862): including 'Khun Sa's SUA, Kokang and Wa units. These now engaged in the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-17.txt(1915): and Wa troops sieze the Party's northern region headquarters. Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(197): observation of conditions in the Kokang, Wa and east Kengtung areas. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(276): Mong Ko command centre. Shortly after, Wa troops in the 12th Brigade took the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(296): United Wa States Army (UWSA) to the east and south of SLORC controlled Hopang, C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(335): UN agency activities have been restricted either to areas continuously under the control of the Burma Army in recent years known as white areas, such as Hopang town to the south of Kunlong, or the Kokang, Wa and Shan area where truce and peace accords have been negotiated these areas are variously referred to as brown, black and grey areas depending on the nature of SLORC's agreements with local commands centres regarding access. This has meant that, so far, UN operational areas, although nominally ranging throughout the shaded areas noted on the map, have been restricted to particular localities within this. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(339): pace of change. SLORC moved very quickly to capitalise on the Kokang and Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(359): dates to just a few weeks after the Kokang and Wa mutinies of early 1989. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(556): and the strategies being adopted in Kokang, Wa and eastern Shan areas. There are C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(589): visiting village after village, particularly in the northern Wa area, and so C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(651): a. Kunlong Frontier District (Kokan, Northern and Southern Wa) C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(1077): with China was settled when the major portion of the Wa State was recognised as C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(1078): British. nevertheless, the Kokan and Wa States were never effectively C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(1082): of this area is very thin and Southern Wa has not been fully penetrated. C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(1084): 30. Kokan, Northern and Southern Wa which at present are included in Kunlong C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-18.txt(1089): In parts of Southern Wa, it is reported that head-hunting is still practised and Found 'Wa' 14 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(427): an agreement with Rangoon, is at war with the Wa and has strong informal C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(430): the Wa, and certainly until the events of May in Thailand this year, the Shan C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(435): Wa C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(436): Smith gives the insurrectionists estimate of Wa population at two C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(438): Wa began to make an impact on the insurrection in their own right with the C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(440): having a Burman leadership and minority, particularly Wa, fighters - at least in C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(441): upper Burma. Smith reports that Wa themselves say that it was not the Shan, not C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(444): The Wa have embraced the opium trade and certainly until recently have C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(449): just say that the Wa, like the Naga and the Chin, do demonstrate an aspect of C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(870): 1991:355-373), including the revolt by Kokang and Wa elements within the CPB C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(883): United Wa States Army (UWSA), the Burma (Eastern Shan State) National Democratic C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(905): Kokang and Wa units have, for example, established signals communications down C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(915): security regime because both SLORC, the Kokang and Wa have a vested interest in C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(1822): period of six years in the Kokang and ten years in the Wa areas. Under C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(1917): Kokang and Wa males - who in turn will doubtless accelerate the spread of HIV C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(1939): mortality rates in some upland villages of northern Wa and the Mekong district C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-19.txt(2039): Wa 298,516 99.97 Found 'Wa' 17 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-20.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-20.txt(338): the Salween River. In the Northern and Southern Wa States, west of the Salween C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-20.txt(361): Kokan and Wa in the category of habitual users of whom a significant proportion Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-21.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-21.txt(920): the control of a detachment of Wa soldiers, claiming to belong to the united Wa Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-22.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-22.txt(1954): and then through Wa territory. The Chinese want to stop the Wa trade Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-23-suppl.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-23-suppl.txt(145): re-established themselves in Wa territory. The KIO are at pains to C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-23-suppl.txt(151): January. They have close relations with the Wa who are participating Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-24.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-24.txt(399): ceasefires with the SLORC, as indeed the Kokang, Wa, Shan, Pa-O, Found 'Wa' 1 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-26.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-26.txt(751): DOI SUTHEP, mountain named for Vasudea, pronounced Wa-Sutape: C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-26.txt(908): LAWA, indigenous northerners: Lua, Lavua, Lva, Lwa, Va, Wa, Tamila, Found 'Wa' 2 time(s). ---------------------------------------- Find 'Wa' in 'C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-28.txt' : C:\SOAS\thai-yunnan-newsletter\thai-yunnan-nwsltr-28.txt(363): Wa, are disruptive, insisting on levying extortionate tolls on Found 'Wa' 1 time(s). Search complete, found 'Wa' 398 time(s). (25 files.)